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1100s
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1300s
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1400s
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Popes   |
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 San Marino |
 Malta |
 Slovenia |
 Croatia |
 Bosnia & Herz. |
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 Kosovo |
 Macedonia |
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1000s |
1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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| 1095 - 1112 17 Portugal gained strength during 17year rule of Count Henry. Portugal underwent same changes as Spain after fall of Rome. Goths & then Saracens overran Portugal. |
| 1066 - 1112 46 Henry, Count of Portugal |
| 1065 independence of Kingdom of Galicia & Portugal under rule of Garcia |
|
| 1128 Portugal gains independence from kingdom of León at Battle of São Mamede; (recognised by León in 1143). |
1139  Battle of Ourique   Portuguese defeat Almoravids led by Ali ibn Yusuf in ; Prince Afonso Henriques is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. |
| 1143 Treaty of Zamora recognizes Portuguese independence from Kingdom of León & Castile. Portugal also recognizes suzerainty of pope. |
| 1143 Afonso Henriques is proclaimed King of Portugal by cortes. |
1147 Siege of Lisbon  successfully brings city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling Moorish overlords. |
| 1170 Treaty of Sahagún is signed by Alfonso 8 of Castile & Afonso 1 of Portugal. Based on terms of accord, Alfonso 8 agrees to give Afonso I three hostages in order to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia & Murcia. |
|
| 1100 Montemor-o-Velho Castle |
| 1117 Santa Maria da Feira Castle |
| 1148 Óbidos Castle Portugal |
| 1110 - 1737 627 Oporto Cathedral |
| 1147 - 1910s 763 Lisbon Cathedral |
| 1184 - 1746 562 Évora Cathedral |
| 1199 - 1540 341 Guarda Cathedral |
|
Kingdom of Portugal
1139 - 1910 771
House of Burgundy
1143 - 1383 240 |
| 1249 End of Portuguese Reconquista against Moors when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers Algarve. |
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Kingdom of Portugal
1139 - 1910 771
House of Burgundy
1143 - 1383 240 |
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Kingdom of Portugal
1139 - 1910 771
House of Aviz (Joannine)
1385 - 1495 100 |
| 1433 - 8 5 Duarte the Eloquent PhilosopherKing |
| 1438 - 77 39 Afonso 5 the African^Abdicated in favor of his son, who has assumed duties of a regent of kingdom. |
| 1441 Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa & reestablish European slave trade with a shipment of African slaves sent directly from Africa to Portugal. |
| 1449 Battle of Alfarrobeira |
| 1477 João 2 Perfect Prince Tyrant ^ Acclaimed King by Cortes of Santarém, only to abdicate & return throne to his father. |
| 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas Spain & Portugal sign & agree to divide World outside of Europe between themselves. |
| 1497 1st to sail around Cape of Good Hope 1469 1524 55 Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator. |
| 1497 - 9 2 1st voyage from Europe to India & back by Vasco da Gama |
| 1450 - 1500 50 Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal & reached Cape of Good Hope. |
|
Portuguese Empire
1415 - 1975 584
Portugal Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro 1815 - 21 Was earliest & longest lived of colonial Western European empires. See also United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil & Algarves.
| 1415 Henry Navigator leads conquest of Ceuta from Moors marking beginning of Portuguese Empire. |
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| 1490s - 1600s Braga Cathedral |
| 1492 - 1518 Funchal Cathedral |
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1000s |
1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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Kingdom of Navarre
824 - 1620 976 |
Pamplona
Basque, Occitan,
NavarroAragonese
| 1054 Battle of Atapuerca is fought between García V of Navarre & Ferdinand I of León |
Aragonese control
1076 - 1134 58 |
|
| 1066 Granada Massacre killed Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier of Andalusia, Spain. |
| 1029 - 87 58 Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm alZarqālī (a.k.a. Arzachel), Arab mathematician & astronomer from AlAndalus, Spain. |
| 1000s Aristotle & Muslim scientists translated into Latin from Arabic, shortly before Latin translations of 1100s |
| 1068 Book of Roads & Kingdoms written by Abū Ubayd Abd Allāh alBakrī |
| 1094 Valencia conquered by El Cid |
| 1040 - 95 55 Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid, Spain. last Abbadid ruler |
| 1403 Beginning of Spanish Empire w/ settlement of Canary Islands signals . |
| 1440 - 98 58 Bartolomé Bermejo Painter who adopted Dutch painting |
| 1380 - 1444 64 Joseph Albo Jewish philosopher & rabbi, author of Sefer haIkkarim (Book of Principles) |
| 1400s Age of Discovery begins |
| 1055 - 1138 83 Moses ibn Ezra Jewish Philosopher, Poet, Linguist |
| 1066 Granada massacre Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela & many others killed |
| 1038 - 89 51 Isaac ibn Ghiyyat Rabbi |
| 1000s Alcazaba of Málaga Castle |
| 1000s Alcazar of Jerez de la Frontera Castle |
| 1000s Muralla urbana de Marbella Castle |
| 1063 Battle of Graus Seljuqs defeat Ghaznavids at , near Merv. |
| 1078 Quermançó Castle |
| 1096 Montearagón Castle |
| 1015 - 38 Girona Cathedral |
| 1073 León Cathedral Consecrated. 1800s Reconstructed. |
| 1075 - 1211 Santiago de Compostela Cathedral |
| 1091 - 1475 Ávila Cathedral |
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Kingdom of Navarre
824 - 1620 976 |
Pamplona
Basque, Occitan,
NavarroAragonese
Aragonese control
1076 - 1134 58 |
| 1104 - 34 30 Aflonso 1the Battler
^ Sancho Ramirez & Felicia = Urraca of Castile X 61 His death caused a succession crisis in Aragon so Navarre reestablished independence crowning ^^< of Sancho 4 |
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| 1060 - 1137 77 Olegarius Saint, Archbishop of Tarragona Barcelona |
| ? - 1163 Raymond of Fitero Saint, founder of Order of Calatrava Toledo |
| 1150s - 1190s 40s Palace of Aljafería Zaragoza AlAndalus period. |
| ? - 1008 Maslamah Ibn Ahmad alMajriti Astronomer, Chemist, Mathematician, Scholar |
| 1100s Alcazaba of Badajoz Castle |
| 1100s Torres do Oeste Castle |
| 1120 Alcázar of Segovia Castle |
| 11 - 1300s Old Cathedral, Salamanca |
| 1100s - 1232 Tarazona Cathedral |
| 1100s Santo Domingo de la Calzada Cathedral Dedicated |
| 1116 Santa Maria dUrgell Cathedral |
| 1129 - 1273 Lugo Cathedral |
| 1140 - 1318 La Seo Cathedral |
| 1144 Sigüenza Cathedral Founded |
| 1154 - 1331 Tarragona Cathedral |
| 1171 - 1587 Teruel Cathedral |
| 1187 - 1300 Santander Cathedral |
| 1196 - 1257 Cuenca Cathedral |
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Kingdom of Navarre
824 - 1620 976 |
Pamplona
Basque, Occitan,
NavarroAragonese
|
| 1200s 1300s Palacio Real de Olite Castle |
| 1212 Battle of Navas de Tolosa |
| 1217 Calatrava la Nueva Castle |
| 1220s Torre del Oro Castle |
| 1236 Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos Castle |
| 1294 Montgrí Castle |
| 1221 1567 Burgos Cathedral |
| 1227 1493 Toledo Cathedral |
| 1229 1601 Palma Cathedral |
| 1230 76 Badajoz Cathedral |
| 1232 1874 Burgo de Osma Cathedral |
| 1239 1579 Saint Mary Major Cocathedral Mérida |
| 1262 1459 Valencia Cathedral |
| 1294 1520s Huesca Cathedral |
| 1298 1448 Santa Eulalia Cathedral |
|
Kingdom of Navarre
824 - 1620 976 |
Pamplona
Basque, Occitan,
NavarroAragonese
|
| 1308 Cannons were used at Gibraltar. |
| 1321 Inquisition burns last Cathar |
| 1300s Alcazaba of Antequera Castle |
| 1340 Battle of Rio Salado |
| 1350s Alhambra Castle |
| 1358 Miranda de Ebro Castle |
| 1300 - 1362 Minorca Cathedral |
| 1300 - 1400s St. James Cathedral Bilbao |
| 1321 - 1504 Palencia Cathedral |
| 1388 - 1528 San Salvador Cathedral Oviedo |
| 1394 - 1467 Murcia Cathedral |
| 1394 - 1501 Pamplona Cathedral |
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Kingdom of Navarre
824 - 1620 976 |
Pamplona
Basque, Occitan,
NavarroAragonese
|
| 1498 Columbus discovered main continent |
| 1075 Cathedral Santiago de Compostela began |
1475 Manzanares el Real Castle
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1401 - 1507 Seville Cathedral
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| 1471 - 1700s Astorga Cathedral |
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Kingdom of León
910 - 1037 127 |
@ León
Latin, Leonese,
Castilian, Mozarabic, GalicianPortuguese, AsturLeonese
Roman Catholic,
Islam, Judaism
Absolute Monarchy
| 1037 Ferdinand 1 of León conquered Kingdom of Galicia. |
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Morrocan Almohad Caliphates
Territory in Spain
1146 -
1212 66
| 1126 - 98 72 Averroes Ibn Rushd, Spanish Islamic polymath |
| 1135 - 1204 69 Maimonides, Jewish philosopher B Spain D Egypt |
| 1146 - 73 27 Almohads conquer Almoravids |
| 1147 A new Berber dynasty, Almohads, led by Emir Abd alMumin, takes North Africa from Almoravides & soon invades Iberian Peninsula. Almohads began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. |
| 1184 Giralda Tower erected |
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Morrocan Almohad Caliphates
Territory in Spain
1146
- 1212 66
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| 1000 AlTasrif written by Andalusian physician & scientist Abu alQasim alZahrawi (Abulcasis). |
| 1000 Abu alQasim alZahrawi (Abulcasis) of alAndalus, considered a "father of modern surgery", publishes his influential 30volume Arabic medical encyclopedia, AlTasrif, |
| 936 - 1013 77 Abu alQasim (Abulcasis), Arab physician & surgeon from AlAndalus |
1013 - 6 3 restored 3 Sulayman ibn alHakam
| 1020 Geared Mechanical Astrolabe by Ibn Samh of AlAndalus Analog computer |
| 1031 Divided into Cordove, Granada, Seville, etc. |
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Nasrid Sultanate
1232 - 1492 260
@Granada
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Nasrid Sultanate
1232 1492 260
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Nasrid Sultanate
1232 - 1492 260 |
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S Spain passed successively under rule of Almería, Toledo & Seville. 1011 to 1014, from 1065 to 1078, in 1145, from 1147 to 1172 & finally from 1228 to 1266 when it was absorbed by Castile.
| 1165 - 1240 75 Ibn Arabi Philosopher |
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Kingdom of Valencia
1237 - 1707 470
Spain
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Kingdom of Valencia
1237 - 1707 470
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Albarracín, currently in Teruel, Aragón, Spain.
Arabic, Mozarabic , Hebrew, Berber
Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism
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Kingdom of Majorca
1262 - 1349 87
East Spain
|
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Kingdom of Majorca
1262 - 1349 87
| 1232 - 1315 83 Ramon Llull Philosopher |
| 1295 however, these island territories were yielded to James. continental territories, however, remained under Alfonsos control. |
Barcelona
1262 - 1410 148 |
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With death of Sancho 3 of Navarre, Aragon fell to his son Ramiro, who quickly elevated it into an autonomous state.
|
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Kingdom of Aragon
1035 - 1707 672
| 1065 - 1145 80 Abraham bar Hiyya, Jewish philosopher, astronomer, & mathematician from Catalonia. |
| 1151 Treaty of Tudilén (or Treaty of Tudején) is signed by Alfonso VII of León & Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, recognising Aragonese conquests south of Júcar & right to expand in & annex Kingdom of Murcia. |
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Kingdom of Aragon
1035 - 1707 672
| 1387 - 96 9 John 1 Hunter ^Eleanor =Martha of Armagnac 1C & Yolande of Bar 3C X46 |
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Kingdom of Aragon
1035 - 1707 672
Spanish Empire
1402 - 1975 573
Iberian Peninsula Madrid Was founded with recapture of Canary Islands from Moors. Was one of first global empires. |
House of Trastámara
1412 - 1516 104 |
| 1458 - 79 21 John 2 Great < =Blanche 1 of Navarre 4C & Juana Enriquez 2C X81 |
| After Ferdinand dies Aragon Merged with Castile & formed Kingdom of Spain. |
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Kingdom of Castile
1037 - 1516 479
| 1179 Treaty of Cazola (Cazorla) is signed by Alfonso II of Aragon & Alfonso VIII of Castile, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for two kingdoms, so that work of Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding. |
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Kingdom of Castile
1037 - 1516 479
|
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Kingdom of Castile
1037 - 1516 479
|
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Kingdom of Castile
1037 - 1516 479
| 1469 marriage of Ferdinand 2 of Aragon & Isabella 1 of Castile leads to unification of Spain. |
| 1475 - 9 4 War of Castilian Succession |
| 1481 Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with first auto de fé. |
| 1487 Spanish forces capture Malaga from Moors |
1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
| 1492 Boabdils surrender of Granada marks end of Spanish Reconquista & AlAndalus. |
| 1492 Christians expel Muslims & Jews from Spain |
| 1492 Christopher Columbus landed in Americas from Spain. |
| 1499 Francisco Jimenez forces mass conversion of Moors in Spain despite earlier agreement of Ferdinand & Isabella that Muslims would be allowed to keep their religion & their mosques. |
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2nd Kingdom of Galicia
1065 - 72 7
| 1065 - 72 7 García 2 Reigned in Galicia & Portugal until deposed in 1072, after which he lived imprisoned in a monastery until his death in 1090. When he is deposed Galicia is merged with Castile & Leon. |
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Kingdom of Toledo
1065 - 1492 127
C Spain
| 1085 Toledo Captured by Alfonso 6 of Castile |
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1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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1000s |
1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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Republic of Venice
697 - 1797 1100
| 1063 St Marks Basilica rebuilt Venice |
|
| 1092 Norman complete conquest of Sicily from Muslims |
| 1400s Renaissance affects philosophy, science & art. |
| 1400s Noon Bell in Catholic world. |
| 1054 Large Supernova Observed remnants of which would form Crab Nebula. |
| 1096 - 1176 80 Galdino della Sala Saint, Archbishop of Milan |
| 1059 Florence Baptistry Florence |
| Beginning of Renaissance in Italy |
| 1095 Basilica of SantAbbondio completed Lombardy |
| 1009 - 10 1 Lombard known as Melus of Bari led an insurrection against Byzantine Catepan of Italy, John Curcuas, as latter was killed in battle & replaced by Basil Mesardonites, who brought Byzantine reinforcements. |
| 1077 Constantine African introduces ancient Greek medicine to Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno, Italy. |
| 1042 Normans establish Melfi as capital of southern Italy. |
| 1061 - 91 30 Norman conquest of Sicily |
| 1070 Sassovivo Abbey began Foligno |
| 1090s Rotonda di San Lorenzo is built in Mantua, Lombardy, Italy, during late 11th century. |
| 1080 Ponte della Maddalena bridge began Province of Lucca |
| 1080 San Liberatore a MaiellaReconstruction began |
| 1007 - 72 65 Peter Damian cardinal, Doctor of Church |
| 1015 - 85 70 Robert Guiscard Norman conqueror of Southern Italy & Sicily |
| 1007 Fruttuaria of San Benigno Canavese, Italy is completed in . |
| 1059 Parma Cathedral began |
| 1021 - 58 37 Solomon ibn Gabirol Jewish philosopher & poet from Spanish AlAndalus |
| 991 - 1050 59 Guido of Arezzo Music Theorist |
| 1088 University of Bologna |
| Horizontal Loom operated by foottreadles makes weaving faster & more efficient. |
| 1000s Sant Aniceto Castle |
| 1072 Normanno Paternò Castle |
| 1000 - 1932 Alatri Cathedral |
| 1000s - 1400s Sorrento Cathedral |
| 1011 - 1796 La Trinità della Cava Cathedral |
| 1028 - 1466 Fiesole Cathedral Consecration to Rebuilding |
| 1058 - 1964 Monte Cassino Cathedral |
| 1059 - 1178 Parma Cathedral |
| 1063 - 1484 Lucca Cathedral |
| 1064 - 1595 Piazza dei Miracoli Cathedral |
| 1064 - 1595 Piazza dei MiracoliPisa Baptistry Cathedral |
| 1064 - 1595 Piazza dei MiracoliPise Duomo Cathedral |
| 1067 Acqui Cathedral Consecrated |
| 1071 Siege of Bari Seljuqs defeat Ghaznavids at , near Merv. |
| 1076 - 80 Salerno Cathedral |
| 1079 Battle of Cabra |
| 1080 - 1200s Acerenza Cathedral |
| 1087 - 97 San Nicola Basilica Built |
| 1099 - 1319 Modena Cathedral |
| 1099 Agrigento Cathedral Consecrated |
|
| 1154 Leaning Tower of Pisa built. Reached 188 feet. A cathedral was built nearby. |
| 1157 Bank of Venice established |
| Europe undergoes Renaissance of 12th century. |
| 1130 On Christmas Day, Roger 2 is crowned King of Sicily, royal title being given to him by Antipope Anacletus 2. |
| 1170 - 1221 51 Dominic de Guzmán Saint, founded Order of Preachers Bologna |
| 1182 - 1226 44 Francis of Assisi Saint, founded Franciscan order (Order of Friars Minor) |
| 1186 future Emperor Henry 6 marries Constance of Sicily, heiress to Sicilian throne. |
| 1100s Zisa Castle Palermo |
| 1140 Tyrol Castle |
| 1182 Borgo Fornari Castle |
| 11 - 1200s Dolianova Cathedral |
| 1100 Albenga Cathedral Mainly Built |
| 1100s - 1473 Prato Cathedral |
| 1107 - 1348 Cremona Cathedral |
| 1110s - 1906 Santa Giusta Cathedral |
| 1122 - 1233 Piacenza Cathedral |
| 1131 - 1267 Cefalù Cathedral |
| 1133 - 1513 Foligno Cathedral |
| 1135 - 1600s Ferrara Cathedral Consecration to Completion |
| 1140 - 1253 Assisi Cathedral |
| 1158 - 76 Teramo Cathedral |
| 1171 - 1210s San Pietro di Sorres Cathedral |
| 1173 - 1319 Leaning Tower of Pisa |
| 1174 - 1700s Monreale Cathedral |
| 1185 - 1210 Civita Castellana Cathedral |
| 1185 - 1340 Crema Cathedral |
| 1185 - 1801 Palermo Cathedral |
|
Republic of Venice
697 - 1797 1100
| 1221 Trade treaty with Mongols |
| 1295 Ice Cream by Marco Polo |
|
| 1200s Pecia System of copying books develops in Italian universitytowns & was taken up by University of Paris in middle of century. |
| 1221 - 74 53 Bonaventure Franciscan Theologian, Philosopher |
| 1265 - 1321 56 Dante Alighieri Writer |
| 1267 - 1337 70 Giotto di 12 1300s Bari CathedralBondone Painter |
| 1284 - 1344 60 Simone Martini |
| 1200s Monte Castle Apulia |
| 1200s Buonconsiglio Castle |
| 1237 Battle of Cortenuova |
| 1238 Siege of Brescia |
| 1239 Siege of Faenza |
| 1243 Siege of Viterbo |
| 1250 Schloss Brunnenburg Castle |
| 1255 Battle of Montebruno |
| 1260 Battle of Montaperti |
| 1268 Battle of Tagliacozzo |
| 1269 Battle of Col Vall d'Elsa |
| 1275 Battle of Roccavione |
| 1289 Battle of Campaldino |
| 1299 Battle of Falconaria |
| 12 - 1300s Bari Cathedral |
| 12 - 1800s Osimo Cathedral |
| 1200 - 1800s Massa Marittima Cathedral |
| 1200s - 1930s Cagliari Cathedral Consecrated |
| 1203 - 70 Matera Cathedral |
| 1204 - 1474 Sarzana Cathedral |
| 1215 - 63 Siena Cathedral |
| 1223 - 1387 Pietrasanta Cathedral |
| 1232 - 1700s Altamura Cathedral |
| 1236 - 1735 Udine Cathedral |
| 1270 - 1960s Manfredonia Cathedral |
| 1290 - 1591 Orvieto Cathedral |
| 1282 Porta schiavonia Cathedral |
| 1200s delle Torri aqueduct Bridge |
|
Republic of Venice
697 - 1797 1100
1254 - 1324 70 Marco Polo
Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
Marco Polo 1962
Marco Polo 1998 |
| 1254 - 1324 70 Marco Polo Trader, Explorer |
|
Monestary life
Der Name der Rose (The Name of Rose) 1986 |
HREs Duchy of Milan
1395
- 1797 402 |
Milan |
| 1350 Renaissance begins in Italy. |
| 1315 Battle of Montecatini |
| 1347 Battle of Porta San Lorenzon |
| 1377 Cesena Bloodbath |
| 1387 Battle of Castagnaro |
| 1391 Battle of Alessandria |
| 1395 Battle of Portomaggiore |
| 1300 - 1911 Grosseto Cathedral |
| 1300s - 1930 Adria Cathedral |
| 1309 Naples Cathedral Completed |
| 1319 - 1772 Territorial Abbey of Monte Oliveto Maggiore |
| 1385 - 1404 Cesena Cathedral |
| 1386 - 1965 Milan Cathedral |
| 1395 - 1761 Mantua Cathedral |
| 1396 - 1498 Como Cathedral |
| 1396 - 1840 Montefiascone Cathedral |
| 1283 - 1939 Diable Bridge Spain |
|
1474 - 1563 91 Michael Angelo architect of "St. Peters Cathedral," & celebrated painter. |
1483 - 1520 37 Raphael Painter |
| Northern provinces of Italy devise their own systems of government. Venice becomes a merchant oligarchy; Milan ruled by dynastic despotism; & Florence becomes a republic ruled by rich. three cities expand & conquer most of Northern Italy. |
| 1394 - 1460 66 Henry Navigator Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu infante (prince) of Portuguese House of Aviz & an important figure in early days of Portuguese Empire, being responsible for beginning of European worldwide explorations. |
| 1395 - 1469 74 Niccolò Da Conti Venetian merchant & explorer, born in Chioggia, who traveled to India & Southeast Asia. |
| 1410 - 5 5 Linear Perspective drawing perfected by Italian Filippo Brunelleschi |
| 1401 - 28 27 Masaccio Painter |
| 1402 Battle of Casalecchio |
| 1404 - 72 68 Leon Battista Alberti Author, artist, architect, poet, linguist, philosopher, & cryptographer, & general Renaissance humanist polymath. |
| 1415 Jan Hus burned at stake as a heretic at Council of Constance. |
| 1416 - 70 54 Pal Engjëlli was an Albanian Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Durrës & Cardinal of Albania who in 1462 wrote first known sentence in Albanian. |
| 1432 Battle of San Romano |
| 1448 Battle of Caravaggio |
| 1450 Harpsichord Invented |
| 1467 Battle of Molinela |
| 1463 - 94 31 Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Philosopher. He is famed for events of 1486, when at age of twentythree, he wrote famous Oration on Dignity of Man which has been called "Manifesto of Renaissance", & a key text of Renaissance humanism. |
| 1494 - 1559 65 Italian Wars lead to downfall of Italian citystates. |
| 1450 - 99 49 John Cabot Italian explorer for England. Discovered Newfoundland & claimed it for Kingdom of England. |
| 1467 - 1520 53 Pedro Álvares Cabral Portuguese navigator & explorer. |
| 1433 - 81 48 Marsilio Ficino Significant Italian translator of Platos works |
| 1400s Palazzo Madama Castle, Turin |
| 1400s Rocca Sanvitale Castle |
| 1480 - 1 Ottoman Invasion of Otranto |
| 1482 Battle of Campomorto |
| 1420 - 36 Florence Cathedral Dome |
| 1488 - 1930s Pavia Cathedral |
| 1495 Battle of Fornovo |
|
HRES March of Tuscany
846 1197 351 |
Lucca
| 1072 San Pietro in Vinculis began Pisa |
|
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HRES March of Tuscany
846 - 1197 351 |
Lucca
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Kingdom of Italy within the
Holy Roman Empire
962 - 1648 686
Ottonian (Saxon)
962 - 1024 62 |
|
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Kingdom of Italy within the
Holy Roman Empire
962 - 1648 686
Salian (Frankish)
1027 - 1125 98 |
Staufen (Hohenstaufen)
1128 - 97 39 |
|
|
Kingdom of Italy within the
Holy Roman Empire
962 - 1648 686
|
|
HREs Kingdom of Italy
962 - 1648 686
Luxembourg
1355 - 1437 82 |
|
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Kingdom of Italy within the
Holy Roman Empire
962 - 1648 686
Luxembourg
1355 - 1437 82 |
|
|
Republic of Genoa
1005 - 1797 792
| 1282 Aragon acquires Sicily after Sicilian Vespers. |
| 1087 African Mahdia campaign Genoa & Pisa |
|
|
Republic of Genoa
1005 - 1797 792 |
|
Republic of Genoa
1005 - 1797 792 |
|
Republic of Genoa
792
| 1396 - 1413 17 Genoa held by French, Dogeship remains vacant. |
|
|
Republic of Genoa
1005 - 1797 792
| 1396 - 1413 17 Genoa held by French, Dogeship remains vacant. |
| 1421 - 36 15 Milan controls Genoa, dogeship is vacant. |
| simultaneously as archbishop of Genoa. |
| 1488 - 1507 19 dogeship is vacant, Sforza rule Genoa |
|
|
| |
1st Republic of Florence
1115 - 85 70 |
2nd Republic of Florence
1197 - 1532 335
Florence |
|
2nd Republic of Florence
1197 - 1532 335
Florence |
|
2nd Republic of Florence
1197 - 1532 335
Florence
| 1240 - 1302 62 Cimabue Painter |
| 1265 - 1321 56 Dante Alighieri Poet, Writer Florence |
| 1266 - 1337 71 Giotto di Bondone Painter |
| 1304 - 74 70 Francesco Petrarch Poet, Writer Arezzo |
| 1313 - 75 62 Giovanni Boccaccio Author |
|
|
2nd Republic of Florence
1197 - 1532 335
Florence
| 1377 - 1446 69 Filippo Brunelleschi invents onepoint perspective, leads innovation in Italian architecture. |
| 1378 - 1455 78 Lorenzo Ghiberti Sculpture, Metalworker |
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Kingdom of Sicily
1130 - 1816 686
|
|
Kingdom of Sicily
1130 - 1816 686
1212 - 7 5  Henry 2 ^Constance =Margaret 2C X30 |
1258 - 66 8 Manfred ^I Frederick 1 =Beatrice of Savoy 1C & Helena Angelina Doukaina 5C X34 @Battle of Benevento
Manfred was regent of Sicily for his nephew, child Conrad 2, but took crown in 1258, & continued to fight to keep kingdom under Hohenstaufen. In 1254 pope, having declared kingdom a papal possession, offered crown to King of Englands son, Edmund Crouchback, but English never succeeded in taking kingdom. In 1262 pope reversed his previous decision & granted kingdom to King of Frances brother, Charles of Anjou, who succeeded in dispossessing Manfred in 1266. Conradin continued his claim to throne until his death by decapitation perpetrated by Charles of Anjou in 1268. |
| 1266 - 8 2 French conquest of Sicily |
Aragonese (Trinacria)
1282 - 1409 127 |
|
|
Kingdom of Sicily
1130 - 1816 686
Aragonese (Trinacria)
1282 - 1409 127 |
| 1300 Last Muslims in Sicily Forcibly Converted to Christianity |
|
|
Kingdom of Sicily
1130 - 1816 686
Aragonese Sicily
1409 - 1516 107 |
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| |
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Kingdom of Naples
1285 - 1816 531
South Italy
|
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Kingdom of Naples
1285 - 1816 531
Naples
| 1382 - 6 4 Charles 3 ^a Joan 1 ^Louis =Margaret of Durazzo 3C Conquered Joan & eventually had her strangled in prison.
His rule was contested by Louis 1 of Anjou. Inheriting Hungary, he was eventually murdered at Visegrá X41 |
rule of House of Durazzo was contested, as Joan I had appointed Louis I, Duke of Anjou, as her heir. Dukes of Anjou led several military expeditions into kingdom & reached an agreement with House of Durazzo in 1426, succeeding them in 1435.
1389 - 99 10 Louis 2 ^Louis 1 =Yolande of Aragon 5C & X40 Continued his fathers claim & drove Ladislaus from Naples in 1389. He was ousted again in 1399. |
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Kingdom of Naples
1285 - 1816 531
Naples
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Kingdom of Sardinia
1324 - 1861 564
Counts of Barcelona
1396 - 1410 14 |
| 1396 - 1410 14 Martin of Aragon |
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Kingdom of Sardinia
1324 - 1861 564
Counts of Barcelona
1396 - 1410 14 |
| 1396 - 1410 14 Martin of Aragon |
Trastámara of Castile
1412 |
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HREs Duchy of Milan
1395 -
1797 402 |
Milan |
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HREs Duchy of Milan
1395 -
1797 402 |
Milan |
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1000s |
1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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Papal States
754 - 1870 1116
999 - 03 4 Sylvestor 2
French Astronomer, Mathematician, Orator, Musician, Philosopher |
| 1000s Title Invented in Bible. |
| 1003 Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert dAurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of 11th century; his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of HinduArabic numeral system, a hydraulicpowered organ,the reintroduction of abacus to Europe, & a possible treatise on astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later. contemporary monk Richer from Rheims described Gerberts contributions in reintroducing armillary sphere that was lost to European science after GrecoRoman era; from Richers description, Gerberts placement of tropics was nearly exact & his placement of equator was exact He reintroduced liberal arts education system of trivium & quadrivium, which he had borrowed from educational institution of Islamic Córdoba gerbert also studied & taught Islamic medicine |
| 1053 Battle of Civitate Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in against Lombards & papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by Normans. |
| 1054 Great Schism in which Western (Roman Catholic) & Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years. |
| 1075 Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory 7 asserted in Dictatus papae extended rights granted to pope (disturbing balance of power) & new interpretation of Gods role in founding Church itself. |
| 1095 Pope Urban 2 calls upon Western Europeans to take up cross & reclaim Holy Lands, officially commencing First Crusade. |
| 1096 - 9 3 1st Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II & commanded by King Godfrey. |
| 1098 Siege of Capua Pope Urban 2 makes an appearance at , Italy. |
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Papal States
754 1870 1116
| 1118 9th Council 1st Lateran. Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus 2 & Emperor Henry 5. |
| 1047 1123 76 Bruno of Segni Saint, Bishop in Rome |
| 1130 8 8 Papal schism, Pope Innocent 2 vs. Antipope Anacletus 2. |
| 1139 Treaty of Mignano Pope Innocent 2 confirms Roger 2 as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, & Prince of Capua & invests him with his titles. |
| 1139 2nd Lateran Council ends papal schism |
| 1147 49 2nd Crusade preached by St. Bernard & headed by Conrad 2 & Louis 7
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| 1156 Treaty of Benevento is entered into by Pope Adrian IV & Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After years of turbulent relations, popes finally settled down to a peace with Hauteville kings. kingship of William I is recognised over all Sicily, Apulia, Calabria, & Campania, as well as Capua. tribute to pope of 600 schifati agreed upon by Roger II in 1139 at Mignano was affirmed & another 400 schifati was added for new lands. |
| 1177 Treaty of Venice is signed by Papacy & its allies & Frederick 1, Holy Roman Emperor. Norman Kingdom of Sicily also takes part in negotiations & treaty thereby determines political course of all Italy for next several years. |
| 1183 Peace of Constance between Frederick Barbarossa, pope, & Lombard towns is signed, confirming Peace of Venice of 1177. |
Crusades
1147 9 2 2nd Crusade preached by St. Bernard & headed by Conrad 2 & Louis 7
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| 1199 Pope writes to Kaloyan, inviting him to unite Bulgarian Church with Roman Catholic Church. |
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Papal States
754 1870 1116
1215 12th Council 4th Lateran
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| 1218 21 3 5th Crusade Baldwin, Count of Flanders, took Constantinople. |
| 1227 Bible divided into chapters by Cardinal Hugo |
| 1228 9 1 6th Crusade by Frederick 2 took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years. |
| 1248 54 6 7th Crusade Louis 9 defeated & taken prisoner. |
| 1270 8th Crusade Louis 9 died at Carthage. Edward 1 followed him. |
| 1274 14th Council at Lyon. Temporary union of Greek & Latin churches. |
| 1291 Christians driven out of Syria |
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Papal States
754 1870 1116
| 1311 2 1 15th Council Vienna |
1314 16 2 year vacancy in papacy.
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| 1378 Great Schism of West begins in, eventually leading to 3 simultaneous popes. |
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| 1300s Avignon papacy transfers seat of Popes from Italy to France |
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Papal States
754 1870 1116
| 1414 18 17th Council Constance |
| 1423 24 18th Council Siena |
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1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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| 1048 First Byzantine attempts to regain islands. |
| 1090 - 1194 104 Norman conquest. |
| 1091 Normans from Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta & surrounding islands. |
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| 1144 Second Byzantine attempt to regain islands. |
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| 1224 Final expulsion of Arabs from Sicily & Malta. |
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| 1350 Establishment of Maltese Nobility. |
| 1350 - 7 7 First incorporation into Royal Domain. |
| 1393 - 7 4 Time of Tyrants. |
| 1397 - 1420 23 Second incorporation into Royal Domain. |
| 1397 Università established. Petitions to Sicily. |
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| 1412 - 1530 118 CatalanAragonese & Castilian rule. |
| 1425 Revolt against Don Consalvo de Monroy. |
| 1429 Tunisian Saracens attempt capture of islands. |
| 1428 - 1530 102 Last incorporation into Royal Domain. |
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1100s |
1200s |
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1400s |
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| 1004 Bled Castle Slovenia |
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1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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| 1093 Zagreb Cathedral Started Croatia |
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| 1100 Split Cathedral Bell Tower |
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| 1249 54 5 Medvedgrad Castle |
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| 1334 Trakoscan Castle 1st Mention |
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| 1433 41 Šibenik Cathedral |
| 1400s Dobovac-Karlovac Castle |
| 1480 Frankopan Castle |
| 1493 Battle of Krbava Field |
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1000s |
1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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Banate of Bosnia
1154 - 1377 223 |
Hungary |
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Banate of Bosnia
1154 - 1377 223 |
Hungary
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Kingdom of Bosnia
1377 - 1463 86
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Ottoman Bosnia
1463 - 1898 435 |
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| 1467 Herzegovina conquered by Turks |
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1000s |
1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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| 1081 Battle of Dyrrhachium |
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| 1100s Gjirokaster Castle Albania |
Principality of Zeta
1185 - 1360 175
Shkodër (Scodra)
In Serbian Grand Principality
| 1276 - 1309 33 Queen Helene dAnjou (Widow of King Stefan Uroš 1) |
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Principality of Arbanon
1190 - 1255 65 |
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Kingdom of Albania
1272 - 1368 96
Capetian Anjou
1272 -
1368 96 |
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Principality of Arbanon
1190 - 1255 65 |
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Kingdom of Albania
1272 - 1368 96
Capetian Anjou
1272
- 1368 96 |
| 1332 Sold Kingdom to v< for 5000 ounces of gold because he didnt want to pay him homage. |
| 1368 Durazzo fell to Karl Thopia who was recognized by Venice as "Prince of Albania". |
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Principality of Valona & Kanina
1332 - 1417 85 |
Vlore
| 1355 - 1417 62 Vassal to Venice |
| 1417 Conquered by Ottomans |
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Lordship of Berat
1335 - 1444 109
Berat
Albanian
Eastern Orthodox
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Despotate of Angelokastron & Lepanto
1358 - 74 16 |
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Despotate of Arta
1358 74 16 |
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Princedom of Albania
1368 - 92 24
| 1392 Annexed by Republic of Venice |
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Despotate of Angelokastron & Lepanto
1386 - 1418 32 |
Gjirokastër
Albanian, Greek
Eastern Orthodox
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Principality of Kastrioti
1389 - 1444 55 |
Krujë
Albanian
Catholic
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Principality of Dukagjini
1387 - 1444 56 |
Lezha
Albanian
Catholic
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Principality of Zeta
1185 - 1360 175
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Ottoman Albania
1479 - ? ? |
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1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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Kingdom of Duklja
1053 - 1100 47
Montenegro
| 1046 - 81 35 Grand Prince, King Mihailo 1 of Duklja |
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| 1166 Consecrated Kotor Cathedral Montenegro |
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1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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Serbian Grand Principality
1101 - 1217 116
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| 11 - 1200s Stari Grad Castle, Užice Serbia |
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Serbian Grand Principality
1101 - 1217 116 |
Kingdom of Serbia
1217 - 1346 129
@1282 Skoplje 1300 Prizren
| 1174 - 1236 62 Sava Saint, organizer, liberator of Serbian Orthodox Church |
| 1276 - 82 6 Stephen Dragutin ^ |
| 1282 - 1321 39 Stephen Uroš 2 Milutin < |
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Kingdom of Serbia
1217 - 1346 129
| 1282 1321 39 Stephen Uroš 2 Milutin < |
| 1321 - 31 10 Stephen Uroš 3 < |
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Serbian Empire
1346 - 71 25
Skopje, Prizren
| 1371 Battle of Dubravnica |
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Moravian Serbia
1371 - 1403 32 |
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1100s |
1200s |
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1400s |
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| 1448 Battle of Kosovo |
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1100s |
1200s |
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1400s |
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| 1300s Church of Saint John Theologian OhridJovan Kaneo |
| 1344 Battle of Stephaniana |
| 1395 Markovi Kuli Castle Macedonia |
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1100s |
1200s |
1300s |
1400s |
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| 1090s Crucifixion mosaic in north arm of east wall, Church of Dormition, Daphni, Greece, is made. |
| 1000 Lecythus fort Toroni |
| 1000s Aptera monstery chapel |
| 1071 - 1590s Angelokastro Capital of Corfu |
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Cephalonia & Zakynthos
1185 - 1479 294
Islands of Cephalonia & Zakynthos
Client to * of Sicily |
| 1115 95 80 Eustathios of Thessalonike Saint, archbishop of Thessaloniki, Writer |
| 1147 Battle of Constantinople |
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Cephalonia & Zakynthos
1185 - 1479 294
Islands of Cephalonia & Zakynthos
Client to * of Sicily |
| 1214 Angelokastro Castle korfu |
| 1216 - 00s Ierapetra Venetian Wall |
| 1200 TrikalaAsclepieio, Trikala |
| 1249 Mystras palace Seat of Principality of Achaea |
1263 Battle of Settepozzi  |
| 1264 Battle of Makryplagi |
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Cephalonia & Zakynthos
1185 - 1479 294
Islands of Cephalonia & Zakynthos
Client to * of Sicily |
| 1345 Battle of Peritheorion |
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Cephalonia & Zakynthos
1185 - 1479 294
Islands of Cephalonia & Zakynthos
Client to * of Sicily |
| 1330 - 1523 193 Although not officially supported by church hierarchy, Hospitallers continue intermittent Crusading from their base in Rhodes. |
| 1473 Bourtzi Nafplion Castle |
| 1432 Kyparissia falls to Despotate of Morea |
| 1470 Battle of Losecoat Field |
| 1470 Battle of Negropont |
| 1480 Siege of Rhodes |
| 1499 Battle of Zonchio |
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Kingdom of Thessalonica
1204 - 24 20
Thessalonica
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Marquisate of Bodonitsa
1204 - 1414 210
Mendenitsa |
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Marquisate of Bodonitsa
1204 - 1414 210
Mendenitsa |
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Marquisate of Bodonitsa
1204 - 1414 210
Mendenitsa |
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Principality of Achaea
1205 - 1432 227 |
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Principality of Achaea
1205 - 1432 227 |
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Lordship of Salona
1205 - 1415 210
Salona (Amfissa) |
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Lordship of Salona
1205 - 1415 210
Salona (Amfissa) |
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Lordship of Salona
1205 - 1415 210
Salona (Amfissa) |
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Henry 3
Charles 4